Swedish Strategic Foundation (SSF)’; Swedish Cancer Society; `Karolinska Institutet’; `The Icelandic Centre for Research (RANNIS)’ and `University of Iceland analysis fund’. icddr,b acknowledges with gratitude the commitment of all donors’ to it is investigation efforts. GHG is usually a visiting scientist supported by `The Wenner-Gren Foundations’. We thank the volunteers for participating within this study. Author information 1 International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Study, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh. 2Department of Healthcare Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden. 3National Institute of the Ailments of the Chest and Hospital, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh. 4Institute of Biology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland. Received: 23 October 2012 Accepted: 28 March 2013 Published: 16 April12.13.14.15.16. 17.18.19.20.21.22. References 1. Smith PE, Moss AR: Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control, epidemiology of tuberculosis. Epidemiol Tuberc 1994, 1:47?0. two. Parsons LM, Driscoll JR, Taber HW, Salfinger M: Drug resistance in tuberculosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1997, 11(4):905?28. three. Bradford WZ, Daley CL: Various drug-resistant tuberculosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1998, 12(1):157?72.23.Gandhi NR, Shah NS, Andrews JR, Vella V, Moll AP, Scott M, Weissman D, Marra C, Lalloo UG, Friedland GH: HIV coinfection in multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis benefits in higher early mortality.1250731-69-1 custom synthesis Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010, 181(1):80?six.Buy1217725-33-1 Wejse C, Gomes VF, Rabna P, Gustafson P, Aaby P, Lisse IM, Andersen PL, Glerup H, Sodemann M: Vitamin D as supplementary remedy for tuberculosis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009, 179(9):843?50. Martins M: Targeting the human macrophage with combinations of drugs and inhibitors of Ca2+ and K + transport to enhance the killing of intracellular multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) novel, patentable approach to limit the emergence of XDR-TB.PMID:24059181 Current Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov 2011, 6(two):110?17. Zasloff M: Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms. Nature 2002, 415(6870):389?95. Zaiou M, Gallo RL: Cathelicidins, necessary gene-encoded mammalian antibiotics. J Mol Med (Berl) 2002, 80(9):549?61. Ganz T: Defensins: antimicrobial peptides of innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2003, three(9):710?20. Kai-Larsen Y, Agerberth B: The part in the multifunctional peptide LL-37 in host defense. Front Biosci 2008, 13:3760?767. Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, Wenzel L, Tan BH, Krutzik SR, Ochoa MT, Schauber J, Wu K, Meinken C, et al: Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science 2006, 311(5768):1770?773. Liu PT, Stenger S, Tang DH, Modlin RL: Cutting edge: vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is dependent around the induction of cathelicidin. J Immunol 2007, 179(four):2060?063. Salahuddin N, Ali F, Hasan Z, Rao N, Aqeel M, Mahmood F: Vitamin D accelerates clinical recovery from tuberculosis: outcomes in the SUCCINCT study [supplementary cholecalciferol in recovery from tuberculosis]. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of vitamin D supplementation in individuals with pulmonary tuberculosis. BMC Infect Dis 2013, 13:22. Martineau AR, Wilkinson RJ, Wilkinson KA, Newton SM, Kampmann B, Hall BM, Packe GE, Davidson RN, Eldridge SM, Maunsell ZJ, et al: A single dose of vitamin D enhances immu.